Comparing Levine Conservation Model And Neuman System Model

Comparing Levine Conservation Model And Neuman System ModelIntroductionSince Florence Nightingale introduced Nursing profession, it is continuously evolving in order go away in modernized world. The outgrowth profession propels it into scientific enquiry, and diverted towards evidence base practice. All these artistic ideas draw bases for using theatrical framework. Although first theoretical framework was introduced by Florence Nightingale entitled as environmental theory to promote health of individual after the experience solders c ar during Crimean war (Florence Nightingale, 1860). engagement of theories becomes more common, since care for professional practice as it expand towards higher educational degrees, and get enrolled in administration and research fields. Up to date umpteen theories are introduced. This paper presents the lowest common multiple perspective including the assumption, characteristic of concepts, sub concepts, and their statement of relationship. This paper then gives a brief check into of NSM. avocation this the paper provide present compares and contrast for lowest common multiple theory and NSM perspectives including main concepts, nursing intervention and outcomes with practical application of interventions of each model. I select Levine Conservation Model as its nursing goal focus to achieve health for somebody using careful assessment and nursing intervention and matched to Neuman ashes model. Moreover this model was apply in variety of setting including hospital and community. Few applications of LCM includes Promotion for preterm Infants (Mefford, 2004), Ostomy wound management (Leach, 2009).Levines Conservational Model (LCM) perspectiveMyra Levine was the cherish to whom Loyola University president awarded the title of rebirth woman as an appreciation for using vast companionship in nursing care (Alligood, 2010 Tomey). She developed preservation theoretical framework, as an attempt to educate medical surgical n ursing concepts to undergraduate nursing students and to provide a new approach to associate degree students for daily nursing activities in 1973 (George, 2002 Alligood, 2010) by influencing scientific knowledge that she gained from Canon fight and flight response, Selyes, try work, and Gibsons, perception of environment. The goal of this theory was to promote suitation and maintain wholeness using the regulations of preservation (George, 2010).LCM framework constructed on three major concepts and few sub concepts the major concepts are explained explicitly but the sub concepts are remain implicit. Following section of paper will explain the major concepts and sub concept embedding within major concepts. The major concepts that form the basis of saving Model are conservation of push, adaptation and wholeness, among these the conservation of muscularity enumerateed most important. Levine (1971), describe conservation with quadruple principles these includes conservation of en ergy, conservation of the structural integrity, conservation of the individualized integrity, and the conservation of the complaisant integrity, of the individuals. Levine (1971) further says earning of all these principles will help nurse as to keep living system together which promote wholeness.The first principle of energy conservation, depend on environmental stimuli that often become source for loss of energy consequently disequilibrium of whole. LCM talks inner and outdoor(a) environment. In internal environment includes physiological (temperature, blood pressure) and altered physiological movement. Then she split international environment into three trains, off these three first is perceptual, take sexual conquest of the individuals sense of world, fleck level in cooperate physical aspect such as microorganisms, and third level is conceptual and which is comprise of cultural mannikin symbolized by way of life. While caring patient Levine emphasize nurse to assess i ndividuals response and capability for adjusting with both environmental situations and help accordingly (Alligood Tomey, 2010). The second principle of conservation relates to structural integrity and focus on defense ability of the body, which nurse can recognize from functional abilities challenged by internal and external environment. Then the third principle conservation of mortalal integrity deals with personal protection by promotion of self actualization. The last principle conservation of friendly integrity refers persons family, friends, community, and society which could be achieved using the nurses role by assisting in religious activities and using of interpersonal relationship (George, 2002 Alligood, 2010).The second concept in conservation theory is adaptation. Levine (1966) view adaptation as physiological and behavioral responses of individuals that changes as a result of internal and external environmental interaction to achieve eternal rest in life. In Levine (1966) view a successful adaptation helps to achieve personal integrity consequently will helps person to move towards wholism. However in case of unsuccessful adaptation nurse can help individuals to achieve balance by promoting the environmental clean marginss, safety, and com-fort, both physical and mental. Furthermore George (2002) proposes three characteristics adaption process that appear implicit as sub concepts. These are historicity that focus the way of dealing life situation in past and the second specificity includes pattern of personal and genetic forces used to conserve energy The third sub concept that helps to assess adaptation is redundancy, means fail-safe bodys process available for survival.In LCM the third concept is wholeness, refers the health which is the pattern of wellbeing, and integrity. Well being is the goal of adaptive change (Alligood, 2010) All together the conservation of energy concept is viewed as an outcome, adaptation as process to achieve whole ness (see Appendix A for concept and sub concept).Neuman System Model (NSM) ReviewThe NSM introduced by Betty in 1971, cognize as identification focusors and management stress model. The aim of model was to promote the stability (health) in individual. This model is considered unique in nature as it uses the knowledge from various discip bills. The important one includes, general system theory which reflects the nature of living organism as an open system, but also incorporates knowledge from Selyes stress theory, Gestalt theory of homeostasis, deChardin Philosophy wholeness of life and Caplans Conceptual Model of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Levels of Prevention.NSM perspective is based on assumptions that are enclosed in four nursing paradigm these are person, environment, health and nursing. NSM perspective focused to assess stressors with its degree of reaction and promote health by using three level of prevention as nursing intervention. The central view starts from wholen ess of person (consist of individual, family or community group) represent within boundaries of defense circles. Of these boundaries outer one is whippy line of defense (FLD), next to this is normal line of defense (NLD) following this there is line of resistance. Each of these boundaries viewed as a composite of physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental and eldritch variables. The function of these boundaries is to protect person from environmental stressor as person is constantly interact environmental stressors consist of intra, inter and extra-personal. Then environment viewed as internal, external and created. Health is denoted as stability, considered as dynamic in nature which can be achieved by successfully adjusting to environmental stressors. On other hand system is challenged by environmental situation despite of using energy in other means the three types of defense lines that exist around client, considered as tutelar barriers fails to protect system from stressors. The state then recognized as illness, which can be reconstituted by using of three level of prevention as nursing intervention that are used to strengthen the three lines of defense (George, 2002 Alligood Tomey 2010). For further understanding of concepts (see NSM in Appendix B).Compare and Contrast for NSM and LCMCompleting the review of LCM and NSM, now this section will compare and contrast these models from the perspective of background, nursing goal, major concepts including nursing intervention. Starting from the background, both the models are developed by American nurses who had diametrical background. Levine was from medical surgical and Betty Neuman belonged to psychiatric nursing. Both model published in 1973. And both used the knowledge from various disciplines, in which Selyes stress work is common. Including all above, both model set to achieve goal of health for individuals, families, communities, and populations at large using some similar and some different concepts, pattern of assessment and nursing interventions. Coming towards major concepts it is observed from literature (George, 2002 Alligood, 2010 Alligood Tomey, 2010) that LCM consist few simple concepts (see Appendix A) but NSM comprise of umpteen complex concepts (see Appendix B). Upcoming few paragraphs will present compare and contrast for few major concepts that are common and take central vest in each theoretical model.WholenessBoth, NSM LCM uses the concept of wholeness very explicitly attaching with component of person, environment, health, and nursing. Within NSM wholeness in connection to person viewed in link of five variables physiological, consist of structure of body and its function psychological, comprise of mental processes and internal and external environmental effects, socio-cultural, and include cultural aspects developmental, seen with stages of ages and phantasmal beliefs and influences. In contrast LCM considers person as complete whole in the view of physiological variable only. But also includes patho-physiological condition as an assessment indicator. Following this Neuman and Levine both also see wholeness as a product of internal and external environmental interactions. This means all individuals are constantly interacting with internal and external environment and adjustment with its challenges, keeps person integrated whole, and failure takes person towards illness. As Alligood Tomey (2010) state wholeness is viewed as oneness and exposit as integrity of person Furthermore Alligood (2010) Wholeness is health (p. 214). Next wholeness with nursing component is emphasized as an approach of assessment and consider for promotion. Assessing wholestic approach suggests including client variable in assessment. NSM include five variable, therefore it is believed that this model allow for comprehensive assessment. Opposite to this LCM focus on physiological including path- physiological condition, seems simple but set limitation and may leaves gaps in assessment. Coming to promotion of wholeness NSM include nursing intervention with three level of prevention. Reverse to this LCM model use conservation principle As Mefford,(2004) show example by health promotion for preterm infants.ConservationNSM take energy conservation concept viewed as a process of helping in promoting wholeness but presented in an implicit way using the term negentrophy and does not stand as central idea. In NSM energy and conservation of energy refers persons genetic makeup, strength and weakness and maintained in view of line of defense. Neuman 2002, 1995, 1989, 1982) cites negentrophy is a process of energy conservation (Alligood, Tomey 2010, p.312). The characteristic of variable can boost the energy sources. But it could deplete if line of resistance fail to protect the canonical energy resources, which may cause illness consequently death. Comparing to this in Levine model conservation concept appear as central phen omenon and it forms bases for its framework. Todaro-Franceschi (2001) state Levine defines conservation as keeping together. She use these words as she see person as patient who requires help to store energy. Furthermore Levine (1967) cites that all of fundamentally lifes processes dependant upon the production and expenditure of energy (Todaro-Franceschi, 2001). Furthermore Levine believes safeguard of energy sources is necessary to maintain the integrity of individuals and consequently health. To make its implication simple Levine gave four principle of conservation these include conservation of energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and the social integrity (George, 2002). Although both the model sees conservation of energy in deferent way, do invites nurse to study the characteristic of energy provide guide to plan appropriate activities for its conservation.AdaptationAgain NSM talk about adaptation process implicitly implant with wellness and illness concepts. Which in NSM depend upon the level of penetration of environmental stressors (Alligood Tomey, 2010) As George (2002) says when client interact with environment produce response to stressor help to adapt or control stressor. Adaptation is process which occurs with the help of line of defense. There are three level defense network laid around the person to protect the penetration of stressors. Among these first outer line is called flexible line of defense (FLD), which provide protection to normal line that is second outer line in case of stressors attack. Lacks of nutrition, fatigue or daily stress are the circumstances that make FLD to come in action. The second line is normal line of defense (NLD) that lies under the protection of FLD symbolize the normal wellness level of the client system. This line is consisting of coping patterns, lifestyle factors, developmental, spiritual, and cultural matter influences. If the NLD is been attacked by environmental stressors, the LOR are activate to protect the basic structure. (Alligood, 2010). On other hand in Levine model the adaptation is second most central phenomenon of LCM and Levine (1966) states every processes that ascertain stability for life are regard as adaptations and George (2002) highlights that the conservation depend of process of adaption. Successful adaptation promotes health whereas failure of adaption introduces illness. For this situation LCM considers nursing to play role to promote adaptation (Alligood, 2010).ConclusionBy comparing the perspective of NSM and LCM it has been learnt that both theorist focus on effect of health through using uniqueness methodologies. Despite using different concepts and framework, these theories guide for nursing assessment and intervention. Moreover this comparison explains that the NSM is broad and provide bass content for comprehensive assessment and nursing care. On other hand LCM appear with energy conservation focus. From all this it is gained that nurse needs to understand explicit and implicit concepts of theoretical framework to assess and plan efficient nursing interventions.