Extraction and Evaporation Recrystallization Essay

1. To the components of a simulated pharmaceutical preparation, Panacetin, and identifying the unknown component of the mixture through extraction and separation methods. 2. To learn how to purify by recrystallization, how to dry them and how to obtain a melting point. PRECAUTION: ACETANILIDE AND PHENACETIN ARE EYE AND SKIN IRRITANTS. Minimize contact with your unknown compound. THEORY: In this experiment, Panacetin, a pharmaceutical preparation will be separated from its components by making use of their solubilities and acid-base properties. Panacetin contains aspirin, sucrose and an unknown component that may be either acetanilide or phenacetin. Of the three components, only sucrose is insoluble in the organic solvent dichloromethane (CH2Cl2 or methylene chloride). The insoluble sucrose can be filtered out if Panacetin is dissolved completely in dichloromethane by gravity filtration or centrifugation leaving the soluble aspirin, acetanilide and phenacetin in the solution. Although the acetanilide and aspirin are both quite insoluble in water at room temperature, the sodium salt of aspirin is very soluble in water but insoluble in dichloromethane. Aspirin, which is a strong acid can be converted to the salt, sodium acetylsalicylate by extraction with an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate . This salt will migrate from the dichloromethane layer, in which it is insoluble, to the aqueous layer, in which it is soluble. The unknown component will stay behind in the solution  and can be isolated by evaporating the solvent from the dichloromethane solution. Adding HCl to the aqueous solution restores aspirin as an insoluble white solid. In the third experiment, the identity of the unknown component of Panacetin will be purified. Purification is necessary because the separation procedure may be imperfect leaving traces of small quantities in the compound after separation or chemical reactions may occur prior to or during the separation adding new impurities. The unknown component can be purified by recrystallization, in which an impure solid dissolves in a hot (usually boiling) solvent then crystallizes from the cooled solution in a purer form. METHODS/PROCEDURES: This experiment was followed from the textbook on pages 52-53 for experiment 2 and 59-60 for experiment 3 excluding the microscale part. First, weigh approximately 3.00 g of Panacetin and transfer it to a clean, dry 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Add 50 ml of dichloromethane to the flask , stir the mixture with a stirring rod to break up any lumps. When it appears that no more of the solid will dissolve, filter the mixture by gravity. Collect the undissolved solid on the filter paper and set it aside to dry. Once it has completely dried, reweigh the solid. This compound separated by gravity  filtration is known as sucrose. Next, transfer the filtrate to a separatory funnel and extract it with two 30 ml portions of 5% sodium bicarbonate . For each extraction, use a stirring rod to stir the liquid layer until any fizzing subsides before a stopper is placed on the funnel and shaken. Dichloromethane will be on the bottom layer and will be drained to a different container. Transfer the dichloromethane layer back into the funnel for the second extraction. The upper layer will be transferred in an Erlenmeyer flask and will be used for recovery of acetanilide. Combine the two aqueous solutions in the same container and acidify slowly with 6M HCL to bring it to a pH of 2. Cool the mixture to room temperature or below while swirling the flask occasionally in an ice bath. Collect the aspirin by vacuum filtration. Wash the aspirin on the filter with cold distilled water. Dry the sample thoroughly before weighing and leave it in the hood for the next lab schedule. Before proceeding to recrystallization, triturate the compound with 20 ml of hexane. Crush the solid with a stirring rod and filter. Recrystallize the unknown drug component from experiment 2 by boiling it with just enough water to dissolve it completely, then letting it cool to room temperature then to 0 C. In order to induce crystallization, it would be helpful to scratch the walls of the flask so that crystals would have a surface to attach to. Use vacuum filtration to isolate the sample then dry the product to a constant mass and weigh in a tared vial. Grind a small amount of the dry unknown component to a fine powder on a watch glass using a spatula. Divide the solid into four equal portions. Combine portions 1 and 2. Mix portion 3 with an approximately equal amount of finely ground acetanilide and mix portion 4 with an approximately equal amount of finely ground phenacetin. Obtain the melting point ranges of the purified unknown (portions 1 and 2), mixture with acetanilide and mixture with phenacetin. Each melting point should be measured on two samples- more than that if melting points are imprecise or accurate. Safety Issues: (all of these are taken from MSDSonline.com) 1. Acetanilide Potential Acute Effects: Hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant). Potential Chronic Health Effects: Hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant). 2. Phenacetin Eye and skin irritant 3. Dichloromethane Potential Health Effects Inhalation: Causes irritation to respiratory tract. Has a strong narcotic effect with symptoms of mental confusion, light-headedness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting and headache. Causes formation of carbon monoxide in blood which affects cardiovascular system and central nervous system. Continued exposure may cause increased light-headedness, staggering, unconsciousness, and even death. Exposure may make the symptoms of angina (chest pains) worse. Ingestion: May cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract with vomiting. If vomiting results in aspiration, chemical pneumonia could follow. Absorption through gastrointestinal tract may produce symptoms of central nervous system depression ranging from light headedness to unconsciousness. Skin Contact: Causes irritation, redness and pain. Prolonged contact can cause burns. Liquid degreases the skin. May be absorbed through skin. Eye Contact: Vapors can cause eye irritation. Contact can produce pain, inflammation and temporal eye damage. Chronic Exposure: Can cause headache, mental confusion, depression, liver effects, kidney effects, bronchitis, loss of appetite, nausea, lack of balance, and visual disturbances. Can cause dermatitis upon prolonged skin contact. Methylene chloride may cause cancer in humans. Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions: Persons with pre-existing skin disorders, eye problems, impaired liver, kidney, respiratory or cardiovascular function may be more susceptible to the effects of this substance. 4. Aspirin Eye Contact: Moderate Eye Irritation: Signs/symptoms may include redness, swelling, pain, tearing, and blurred or hazy vision. Skin Contact: Moderate Skin Irritation: Signs/symptoms may include localized redness, swelling, itching, and dryness. May be absorbed through skin and cause target organ effects. Inhalation: No health effects are expected. Ingestion: May be harmful if swallowed. Gastrointestinal Irritation: Signs/symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea and vomiting. Repeated ingestion may cause: May be absorbed following ingestion and cause target organ effects. Target Organ Effects: Prolonged or repeated exposure may cause: Auditory Effects: Signs/symptoms may include hearing impairment, balance dysfunction and ringing in the ears. Clotting Disorders: Signs/symptoms may include increased blood clotting time and internal bleeding (hemorrhage). Liver Effects: Signs/symptoms may include loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, weakness, abdominal tenderness and jaundice. Central Nervous System (CNS) Depression: Signs/symptoms may include headache, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination, nausea, slowed reaction time, slurred  speech, giddiness, and unconsciousness. Kidney Effects: Signs/symptoms may include reduced or absent urine production, increased serum creatinine, lower back pain, increased protein in urine, and increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Pulmonary Edema: Signs/symptoms may include chest discomfort, shortness of breath, significant cough with frothy sputum production, bluish colored skin (cyanosis), increased heart rate, respiratory failure and may be fatal. Single exposure may cause: Immunological Effects: Signs/symptoms may include alterations in the number of circulating immune cells, allergic skin and /or respiratory reaction, and changes in immune function. 5. Sodium Bicarbonate EMERGENCY OVERVIEW Warning! May cause respiratory tract irritation. Causes eye and skin irritation. Target Organs: Blood, kidneys, heart, liver, eyes, skin. Potential Health Effects Eye: Causes eye irritation. Skin: Causes skin irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through the skin. Ingestion: May be harmful if swallowed. Causes gastrointestinal tract irritation. Inhalation: May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if inhaled. Chronic: May cause liver and kidney damage. Adverse reproductive effects have been reported in animals. Laboratory experiments have resulted in mutagenic effects. Chronic exposure may cause blood effects. 6. Hydrochloric Acid POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS: Inhalation: May cause irritation (possibly severe), chemical burns, and pulmonary edema. Skin contact: May cause irritation (possibly severe) and chemical burns. Eye contact: May cause irritation (possibly severe), chemical burns, eye damage, and blindness. Ingestion: Not a likely route of exposure. Target Organs Effected: Respiratory System, Skin, Eye Chronic Effects: Repeated or prolonged exposure to dilute solutions may result in dermatitis. Discoloration of the teeth may occur as a result of long term exposure. Interaction with Other Chemicals Which Enhance Toxicity: None known Medical Conditions Aggravated by Exposure: None known OBSERVATIONS/RESULTS: In Experiment 2, the extraction of substances from one another is based on the differences in their physical and chemical properties. Approximately, 3.0029 g of panacetin was weighed and completely dissolved in 50 ml of dichloromethane and filtered. The residue was left to dry and weighed (sucrose). Then 30 ml of NaHCO3 was added to the filtrate. This solution was transferred into a separatory funnel. This formed two layers. Top layer was the organic layer (NaHCO3) described as a clear liquid. Bottom layer was the aqueous layer and was yellow in color. The filtrate was washed twice with NaHCO3. HCl was added to the aqueous solution until the pH equaled to 2.0. It was filtered through vacuum filtration and allowed to dry until the next week’s lab. This filtrate is known as aspirin. Meanwhile, the unknown in the organic layer was also allowed to settle for the next experiment. In experiment 3, before we went to do recrystallization, we first did trituration of the unknown by adding 20 ml of hexane. We crushed the solid and filtered. Even with the addition of approximately 27 ml of boiling water into the compound, it started to dissolve. That was the first clue that we have acetanilide as our unknown. We went ahead and continue heating and swirling the solution over a hot plate. There was the formation of brown oil-like globules. We were then asked to decant the clear liquid from this solution. This clear liquid was allowed to cool to room temperature then to 0 C. There was formation of white crystals at the edge of the beaker. Through vacuum filtration, we were able to filter the product, weighed and used for melting point measurement of the unknown. The solid was divided into 4 equal parts. First 2 parts were combined, 3rd part was mixed with acetanilide and the last part was mixed with phenacetin. After taking the melting points of all these 3 substances we were able to identify the unknown product to be acetanilide. No big issues encountered during this experiment. Transferring some products as well as the final crystals from watch glass and filter paper and leaving some products were crucial to get the most final product. This explains why the percent recovery for the unknown was low. Some crystals fell off or didn’t transfer to the filter paper. Even though the % recovery was relatively low (88.4079%), this experiment still produced a 0.6898 g of product. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: This experiment was focused on two main objectives. First, the analysis of panacetin to find out what percentages of sucrose, aspirin and the unknown component it contains. Second, to find out whether the unknown is acetanilide and phenacetin. A big part of the composition of panacetin was made up of the unknown. We were able to determine the composition of sucrose to be 17.95 %, Aspirin 26.93% and the unknown to be 55.12% After following the experiment procedures, we were able to purify through recrystallization the end product to be acetanilide. This is an odorless white crystalline solid substance which has a melting point of 114 C. Our experimental value for acetanilide’s melting point was 117 which indicates that the result had a very narrow range and close to the literature value. I would therefore conclude that we had isolated a close to pure product of acetanilide with little impurities present. 1. a. Describe any evidence that a chemical reaction occurred when you added 6 M HCl to the solution of sodium acetylsalicylate A chemical reaction took place upon the addition of 6M HCl to a solution of sodium acetylsalicylate because a precipitate formed known as aspirin. b. Explain why the changes that you observed took place. The observed change took place as a result of the acid reacting with the salt forming a compound insoluble in water. 2. Describe any explain the possible effect on your results of the following experimental errors or variations. In each case, specify the component (s) whose percentage(s) would be too high or too low. a. After adding dichloromethane to Panacetin, you didn’t stir or shake the mixture long enough Improper stirring or shaking of the mixture will result in incomplete dissolution of the panacetin mixture. There will be loss of some solid analytes during filtration. The recovered amounts will be lower than they should be leading to a final percentage to be low. b. During the NaHCO3 extraction you failed to mix the aqueous and organic layers thoroughly. If the aqueous and organic layers were not thoroughly mixed the acid would remain in the solution and the extraction would be less efficient resulting to a low percentage yield. c. You mistakenly extracted the dichloromethane solution with 5 % HCl rather than 5 % NaHCO3. If 5% HCl is used instead of 5% NaHCO3 that would protonate the aspirin and keep it in the organic solution making the aspirin, acetylsalicyclic acid. d. Instead of using pH paper, you neutralized the sodium bicarbonate solution to pH 7 using litmus paper At ph7 the bicarbonate wouldn’t be able to act as a base and extract a proton because at pH of 7 it would protonate itself so it wouldn’t be able to react with aspirin. 5. Write a balanced reaction equations for the reactions involved a. When aspirin dissolves in aqueous NaHCO3 C9H8O4 (aq) + NaHCO3 (aq) —–> C9H7O4Na (aq) + CO2 + H2O Weak acid weak base Strong Base Strong acid b. When Aspirin is precipitated from a sodium acetylsalicylate solution by HCL C9H7O4Na + HCl ————-ËÆ' C9H8O4 + NaCl Strong Base Strong acid Weak Acid Weak Base Assuming that both reactions are spontaneous under the standard conditions, label the stronger acid, stronger base, weaker acid and weaker base in each equation. Experiment 3 1. a. What is the minimum volume of boiling water needed to dissolve 0.200 g of phenacetin? b. About how much phenacetin will remain dissolved when the water is cooled to room temperature? c. Calculate the maximum mass of solid (undissolved) phenacetin that can be recovered when the cooled solution is filtered. 0.200 g-0.0125 g (amount soluble in cold water)= 0.1875 g 2. An unknown compound X is one of the four compounds listed in table 3.2. A mixture of X with benzoic acid melts at 89 C, a mixture of X with phenyl succinate melts at 120  °C and a mixture of X with m-aminophenol melts at 102  °C. Give the identity of X and explain your reasoning. X is phenyl succinate. When a compound mixes with a different compound, the melting point of the mixture will be lower than the melting points of either of the pure compounds. Basing from the table, the melting point of pure benzoic acid is 121 C but when mixed to X, it went down to 89 C. Likewise with O-toluic acid and m-aminophenol. Since the melting point of mixture X with phenyl succinate has a melting point of 120 C, the melting point of pure X must be equal or closer to 121. Mixing X with phenyl succinate did not change the melting point thus X must be phenyl succinate.

Life and Hills like White Elephants Essay

The life of Ernest Hemingway can be roughly described as turbulent as he previously led a tumultuous social life and has had a complicated marital relationship (Raeburn, p. 207). Although he has won for himself numerous awards in literature, the life of Hemingway remained blemished by his multiple relationships as well as the physical and mental difficulties he suffered from (Donaldson, p. 691). He was also treated in a mental hospital and received medical attention for severe depression. In the end, Hemingway committed suicide by tripping the trigger of his double barreled shotgun which immediately took away his life. The personal experiences of Ernest Hemingway have largely contributed to some of his major literary works. For example, For Whom the Bell Tolls echoes that of a not-so-distant memory of Hemingway, specifically the time when he had to part ways from his home in order to fulfill his job, boarding and leaving with the train while his father watched the train disappear in the distance (Reynolds, p. 600). In his A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway appears to relieve his previous experiences as an ambulance driver, a member of the personnel for the canteen duties which meant distributing food for the soldiers in the battlefield, and a short-lived affair with a woman named Agnes von Kurowsky during the First World War. All these things and a lot more indicate the presumption that the works of Hemingway are largely influenced by his experiences. And this most likely holds true to his short story â€Å"Hills like White Elephants†. As the story revolves around two characters—an unnamed American and a woman named Jig—Hemingway appears to employ the Iceberg Theory by writing just a little about the explicit messages and allowing the reader to divulge with what is indirectly written in the story. Thus, a thorough reading of â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† will lead the reader to the understanding that there is more than what meets the eyes. Apparently, the short story is about an American and Jig where the American appears to convince the woman to commit abortion. Perhaps the primary reason why the American is persuading the woman to abort the child is because the man is afraid to lose the liberty or freedom from an imminent parental responsibility. In a sense, the ‘child’ whom the man wants to be aborted is comparable to a ‘white elephant’, at least in the understanding of the American. White elephants are considered to be sacred and symbolize justice in Southeast Asian monarchies although on the other hand these elephants come with a costly price in terms of its upkeep (Martin). Hence, white elephants are considered to be either a blessing or a curse, or even both. The ‘child’, like white elephants, is seen by Jig as a blessing whereas the child is seen by the American as a burden or a ‘curse’. â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† can be interpreted in many ways as resembling the life, or a significant fraction thereof, of Hemingway’s life. In essence, the short story is reminiscent of the destructive situations faced by couples with marital bonds, specifically the conflicting decisions being pushed through by both sides. This, too, is reminiscent of the multiple relationships Hemingway had in the past wherein he was involved in such numerous affairs while being married. For instance, Hemingway’s marital relationship with Elizabeth Hadley Richardson came to an end wherein Elizabeth divorced Hemingway after discovering his affair with Pauline Pfeiffer. A short time after his divorce with Elizabeth, Hemingway married Pauline. Prior to the time when his short story â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† was first published in 1927, Hemingway already had two wives, with the first wife divorced. But prior to the divorce, as Elizabeth found out about Hemingway’s affair, she decided to tell him to stay away from Pauline for six months. Only after that time if he knew he was still in love with Pauline will Elizabeth give Hemingway a divorce. That very instance where Hemingway had to decide for himself the outcome of his marriage with Elizabeth and his affair with Pauline reminds us of the essence of â€Å"Hills like White Elephants†. For the most part, whether or not Hemingway will keep his marriage with Elizabeth must have depended on his comprehension of it as either a burden or a blessing. The same most likely holds true to his affair with Pauline. The delicate situation wherein Hemingway had to consider whether one of his relationships is a burden or a blessing is quite synonymous to the essence of the situation faced by the American and Jig in Hemingway’s short story. The analogy tells us that, far from being a mere mental construct, â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† is a short story that strongly reflects the perception of the author. Since Hemingway is keen to use the Iceberg Theory where what the reader is only able to immediately absorb are the explicit contents of the story (Halliday, p. 1), it must have been the case that â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† functions like a window where the reader can take a closer look at the life of Ernest Hemingway. Works Cited Donaldson, S. (1982). The Wooing of Ernest Hemingway. American Literature, 53(4), 691. Halliday, E. M. (1956). Hemingway’s Ambiguity: Symbolism and Irony. American Literature, 28(1), 1. Martin, G. (1996). A white elephant. Retrieved October 23, 2007, from http://www. phrases. org. uk/meanings/410050. html Raeburn, J. (1989). Skirting the Hemingway Legend. American Literary History, 1(1), 207. Reynolds, M. S. (1985). Hemingway’s Home: Depression and Suicide. American Literature, 57(4), 600.

Business Letter (Position) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Letter (Position) - Essay Example English lessons major on the sources of information and periodicals are major examples of these sources (Seglin & Coleman, 2002). It will be instrumental to English learners to have resource materials providing in-depth information on periodicals. In relation to the history of English as a discipline, The London Magazine will be a good investment in the library. The content of this resource is literature and the arts, and this forms a fundamental reading ground for the English students. The document has been through various revivals and series, updating the resource with latest information in the discipline. More so, all the volumes of the periodical are available online, which reduce the librarians work in stocking the library with the materials. The third and most resourceful periodical will be The Comic annual, which began publications in 1830, and ran through to 1842. This resource will enhance the learners’ interest in understanding the English content. Introducing something fun for learners of all levels will make learning interesting and therefore, increase discipline understanding. In as much the resource is historical; the resource will help learners to relate to the origin of the English language in a more fun and educative way. In solving the above problems of scarcity of historical English resources, the above documents will be helpful. More information on the content of the periodicals can be found online in their relevant

Entrepreneurial Thinking in Multinational Organizations Essay

Entrepreneurial Thinking in Multinational Organizations - Essay Example Many multinationals are resorted to entrepreneurial thinking to formulate tactics for consolidating their positions in the market, making a dent into unexplored markets as well as maintained a steady growth rate. The term 'entrepreneur' comes from the French word 'entreprendre' which means 'to undertake.' It signifies a person who undertakes or operates a new enterprise or venture, while also taking responsibility for the risks involved in setting-up a new operation. Entrepreneurs are not limited to any one field, nor are they limited to the for-profit world. (Arti Pandey, 2006) External environment: While entrepreneurial organizations seek to identify opportunities in the external environment, traditional organizations look at the external environment for threats to their core business, rather than for new opportunities. (Hornsby, 1993) Strategy - Proactive strategic positioning is adopted by entrepreneurial organizations whereas traditional organizations take a more defensive position focusing to protect their core business. (Hornsby, 2002) Control Systems: Control Systems at traditional organizat... s at traditional organizations underlined by expense-based budgets whereas entrepreneurial organizations look at longer-term business planning and forecasting to guide their business. (Guth, 1990) Structure and Communication: Traditional organizations are hierarchical, centralized and formal, while entrepreneurial organizations are more decentralized and have informal communication flow.(Dess, 1999) Observations: Changes in entrepreneurial culture of Audit Big 4 firms Market trends in the financial markets such as Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other variations in the regulatory environment have necessitiatd corporates to modify their strategies to face these changes as well as remain competitive in the market environment. Some of the observations made in the changes in the entrepreneurial culture of the Audit Big 4 Firms are as detailed below: 3.1 Deloitte In the early ninties Deloitte was growing at a sedentary 11%/year, when it set itself the goal of doubling this rate. It realized that achieving this goal from a business-as-usual strategy was impossible, it therefore established a team known as the Strategic Business Development (SBD) team to look for new revenue-generating opportunities. With little bureaucracy to slow them down, the Strategic Business Development (SBD) team produced a clutch of initiatives: a customer relationship management business; an ethics and fraud hotline, Tip-Offs Anonymous; a joint venture with Citadel to establish Deloitte Private Client Advisors; and Deloitte Human Capital Corp. By creating these businesses to serve emerging and established markets, the unit contributed more than R300m to Deloitte's top line within three years. (Deloitte, 2006) In 2002 the Deloitte Innovation Programme was launched. The Innovation Zone was

Privatisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Privatisation - Essay Example Changes in ownership are most directly associated with changes in control. (Commission on Public Private Partnerships, 2001) In principle, privatisation programmes involve a fading in control applied by the state and a shift of control to private investors. It is this aspect of privatisation that is the most significant to East European countries that consider the exclusion of state control as a primary goal. Finance Private capital sectors have not been an essential foundation of funding of privatized ventures. Allegations to the effect that public-sector assets were sold too inexpensively are basically pointless. Information Privatisation plans have promoted the particular identification of the public-good aspects of state ventures. Performance has noticeably enhanced where competition has been introduced. The UK privatisation plan often failed to make out opportunities for commencing competition. Stand-in competition through standard comparisons is a poor substitute for actual competition. Nevertheless, even where competition has been restricted or missing there have been momentous enhancements in efficiency. The information expressed by stock-market prices has been significant in observing performance and developing managerial incentives. Control Investment markets have applied diminutive control over privatized organizations either by means of the threat of invasion or insolvency. The power of both nation and trade groups has been considerably shortened by privatisation. The controller has replaced the state as the one most prevailing external framework. Supervisory control is unproductive, unsuccessful, and unreasonably high-priced. More than last ten years the agenda of privatisation in England has transformed both the figure and the... Private capital sectors have not been an essential foundation of funding of privatized ventures. Allegations to the effect that public-sector assets were sold too inexpensively are basically pointless. Privatisation plans have promoted the particular identification of the public-good aspects of state ventures. Performance has noticeably enhanced where competition has been introduced. The UK privatization plan often failed to make out opportunities for commencing competition. Stand-in competition through standard comparisons is a poor substitute for actual competition. Nevertheless, even where competition has been restricted or missing there have been momentous enhancements in efficiency. The information expressed by stock-market prices has been significant in observing performance and developing managerial incentives. Investment markets have applied diminutive control over privatized organizations either by means of the threat of invasion or insolvency. The power of both nation and t rade groups has been considerably shortened by privatization. The controller has replaced the state as the one most prevailing external framework. More than last ten years the agenda of privatization in England has transformed both the figure and the temperament of the public-enterprise division. As the inspirations and incentives of these strategies have been both multiple and changing eventually, a vital concern has associated to the effectiveness of public organizations.

BRL Hardys post-merger success Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BRL Hardys post-merger success - Term Paper Example They also made similar acquisitions in France and Italy and these acquisitions were particularly targeted as credible organisations. It became relatively easier to effectively operate in the industry since there was a clearly defined network of distribution channels. The main advantage of mergers and acquisitions is that they give the company competitive advantage in that the resources are pulled together and new knowledge is introduced to the company by the people crossing the floor from the other company. The company immensely gained from the wealth of knowledge brought by people who moved from the other companies. On the other hand, it can be noted that acquisitions of reputable companies helped the company to gain a competitive advantage as a result of clearly defined distribution channels that already existed in the market. The other factor that contributed to BRL Hardy’s post merger success is a result of the stance taken towards changing the culture of the organisation. However, the new management which assumed top jobs at the merged companies was comprised of ex-BRL executives and focus was primarily aimed at the Australian market which was believed to be supportive of the company’s quality concerns. However, the company adopted a decentralisation approach whereby the middle managers were given the autonomy to make decisions in their operations as a way of improving the overall operations of their responsible departments. As such, the managers were empowered to make decisions while at the same time holding them accountable to their actions as a way of ensuring that there is conformity with the set organisational goals. By virtue of allowing the managers to make decisions in their operations, the organisation is likely to positively grow given that they will be motivated such that they w ill also develop a sense of belonging to it. Empowering the managers also helped them to be creative which positively contributed to the growth of the organisation. The other factor of BRL Hardy’s post-merger success can be attributed to the stance it took in sourcing the grapes used in wine production. Having realised that there were risks associated with the production of the grapes, the organisation decided to form joint ventures with different farmers in an attempt to ensure consistency in supply of the grapes even during periods of unprecedented events that can negatively affect supply. On the other hand, the company acquired expansive land to grow grapes and this was a good move given that it was always assured of abundant grapes should anything unfavourable occur in the environment. On top of that, the post merger success of the organisation in question can be attributed to the marketing strategies implemented such as the branding and labelling strategies. Whilst it is generally appreciated that branding a product like wine is a bit challenging from a global perspective, the company adopted a labelling approach especially in UK where it witnessed improved sales of different brands that were offered on the market. 2. Basically, the main essence of tensions between Steven Davies and Chris Carson is mainly concerned with the marketing strategies to be implemented. The head office in Australia was particularly concerned with endorsing the Australian brand of wine while Carson who operated in UK was of the opinion that this brand had been eroded especially in UK hence there was need for branding. This was the major source of tension especially with regards to the marketing strategy. Basically, branding is a basic tenet of marketing strategy given that it makes a clear distinction between different brands. Carson is of the view that there is need to relabel, reposition and relaunch the wine brand particularly in UK but this

Managing in Multinational Companies Research Paper

Managing in Multinational Companies - Research Paper Example Culture refers to a set of gained knowledge that some individuals may employ to make meaning of experiences towards generating a unique set of behavior. Different business establishments engage diverse cultures in their setups. These cultures are necessary for guiding the entire organization towards a common objective, by promoting a uniform way of thinking and acting. In other words, an organization prevents the subjectivity of decisions and behaviors in an organization, which promotes uniformity and team working spirit. On the other hand, countries will have different cultures that organizations have to respect, which are inherent in the views and values of such a country. A multinational company setting its operations in the US will need to observe a relatively diverse organizational culture compared to one setting operations in Mexico. An organization has to respect and observe a country’s culture while designing its organizational culture. This report investigates the dif fering views and beliefs surrounding overtimes and how the issue differs across the two countries. In this investigation, the report will illustrate that national cultures have a role to play in shaping organizational cultures.  A common aspect in both countries is that a company will consider other types of employment other than permanent employment to save on labor costs, to achieve flexibility and to benefit from workers for a short period (JILPT, 2009). Such an approach is common in short-term specialized jobs. In addition, there is a major variation in hourly pay rates between permanent and part-time workers in Japan compared to Germany (Smith 2000). Part-time employees have fewer benefits in bonuses offered compared to their full-time colleagues in Japan than in Germany where bonuses are not of much importance. Germany has more part-time employees than in Japan due to the working time variation. There are two reasons to explain the prevalence of part-time working in Germany than in Japan. One, such part-time workers are found in the tertiary sector, which bore the brunt of economic crises than the manufacturing sector, which has motivated employers to source more part-time workers (Smith, 2000). Part-time working in both countries has mainly improved because of structural changes in the economy towards a service economy. In Japan, non-regular employees get much fewer salaries with the difference increasing when the bonuses and one-off payments are considered in permanent employment (Ishiguro 2008). In Germany, on the other hand, part-time employees and regular employees have fewer differences in their wages; a part-time worker earns almost like a regular worker (Smith, 2000), with part-time workers taking advantage of overtime payments to bridge this salary gap. These are some of the factors differentiating working patterns between the two countries.

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business report - Essay Example Abstract: This report looks at the influence culture has had on the world of business. The report closely examines the methodology used to conduct business between different companies with different origins of country. The report focuses on the communication barrier that is caused to due to the difference in the two cultures and the main issues that arise when conducting business. The report discusses the rules suggested when negotiating, the various phases of a negotiation and the steps that need to be followed while conducting business with organizations from different cultures. The report concludes stating that conducting business in a country according to the cultural norms of that country dramatically improves the chances of success. Foreword: With the concept of multinational business on the rise there is a need for many to effectively communicate with individuals from different parts of the world having different backgrounds, beliefs, and cultures. Organizations have to be pre pared when they conduct business in different countries. ... Aims: The main aim of this report is to discuss the various cultural and communication issues that arise while conducting business in different countries and particularly in UAE. The report also aims to provide various approaches that can be made to ensure success within the business world of the United Arab Emirates. Introduction: Effective communication is important for an organization to function and perform day to day activities smoothly. The expansion of business to different geographic locations around the globe has brought new challenges for the business world. The difference in customs and languages causes difficulty in effective communication within an organization. Cross cultural communication relates to an area of study that deals with communication between different individuals from different cultural and ethnic background. The main issue that arises in cross cultural communication is the different language being used in different countries. The second is proper advertisi ng and understanding the targeted audience of a particular country. The third thing to consider would be the norms of the culture. Fourth would be their customs. Last would be the political influences within a country. These five factors should be addressed when conducting business overseas or when employing individuals from different ethnic and cultural background. Issues: Language barrier Language barrier is a term used to describe the difficulties people face when they do not have a common language to communicate. To counter the effects of the language barrier either one of the two parties or both have to learn a new language. The services of an interpreter can be sought

Postoperative pain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Postoperative pain management - Essay Example Management of pain following a surgery employs oral or rectal analgesics, intramuscular opioid injections, systemic opioid analgesia, continuous subcutaneous infusion of analgesics, and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).Management of pain following a surgical procedure is one of the major challenges and source of concern for health care providers (Berge et al, 2004). However, surveys have revealed that hospital postoperative pain management, such as opioid intramuscular injections are frequently inefficient, resulting in unrelieved pain in approximately 50% of patients (Steinberg et al, 2002). Various studies have shown that postoperative pain has significant influence on the recovery of the patient, length of stay in the hospital, mobility, cost of hospitalization and also postoperative morbidity like cognitive dysfunction and pulmonary complications (Pain Management Guideline Panel., 1992). According to Sommer et al (2008), moderate to severe pain occurs in more than 50 percent of patients who undergo abdominal surgery It is crucial to control postoperative pain and currently in every hospital in the western world, control of post operative pain is given utmost importance. An understanding of pain management in the postoperative period can be enhanced through reflection. Reflection is evaluation and examination of thoughts and actions of oneself. For health practitioners, reflection means focusing on the interaction of oneself with colleagues and environment in a particular situation so that they are able to evaluate their own behavior. â€Å"Reflection gives scope for better understanding of oneself so that existing strengths can be used to build-up for future actions "(Somerville and Keeling, 2004). In order to be an effective practitioner, one must be able to identify one's strengths in approaching a problem, assess one's level of competency and improve on what one thinks are the weaknesses so that when the same problems arise in the future, the right ap proach can be adapted. Reflection is also an opportunity for professional growth and development to increase competence in the nursing practice (Alexander, Fawcett and Runciman, 2006). Reflective practice is very essential for nursing clinical practice because it helps the nurse to understand, assess and learn through the experiences during clinical practice (Burns and Grove, 2005). In the following assignment, I shall discuss about management of a patient with postoperative pain based on Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. This is because, Gibbs Reflective Cycle is a straight forward and recognized framework for reflection wherein it enables clear description of the situation of the patient, the analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, analysis to make sense of the experience, conclusion where other points are considered and reflection upon experience to examine what you would do if situation arose again. Case description Mr. X was a 67 years old male patient, who I looked af ter in a Surgical High Dependency Unit (SHDU). He was transferred from theatre following Whipples, where a total pancreatectomy was performed along with the removal of Gall Bladder and Duodenum.  Past medical history included hypertension and chemotherapy 2 years ago following the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. He was also underweight. The patient was transferred to SHDU in a stable condition. On the 1st day post op, the Epidural Analgesia’s catheter was dislodged by accident and according to the protocol (NHS 2009), it could not be used anymore. Although, the patient had prescribed oral pain reliefs as required, Mr. X showed discomfort and pain, once resting and moving in bed. Because of the risk of post operative complications including pressure sores and chest infection, the issue was highlighted to Pain Management Nurse, who prescribed Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA). The Pain Management Nurse provided short educational session for Mr. X, as he never used PCA before and appeared to be anxious about

Men become victims of their misplaced trust in false friends Essay

Men become victims of their misplaced trust in false friends - Essay Example It is about the story of a prisoner, Gregory, who places complete trust in the friendship of his enemy. Gregory was given two chances to escape to save his own life but he fails to run away. Gregory is materialistic. He cares only for his present which is comfortable enough for him. He does not realize his friend must obey his superior and that means that his friend will kill him. Gregory is shot but he does not die immediately. He hangs on to his friend for life or for death. His friend is forced to shoot him several times in order to make a clean killing. His friend honors Gregory by not humiliating his body with a public hanging. Gregory thinks that his friend has breached his trust by shooting him. His soldier friend blames Gregory's stupidity for his death.Nabil Gorgy wrote Cairo Is a Small City in 1983. This story is about Engineer Adil Salim, who is killed in revenge for his murder of a bedouin man, Mubarak bin Rabia. Adil is a proud man who has a big ego. He thinks of himself being intelligent because he is educated as an engineer. He makes the false overture of drawing attention to himself by his blatant courtship of a beautiful bedouin girl named Salma. He is watched and recognized as the murderer of Mubarak. The bedouins plot their vengeance craftily. They are above reproach as they use the girl, Salma, as bait to ensnare Adil. Adil falls into their trap and is killed. Adil is a victim of his own carelessness, ego, lust, stupidity and trusting nature. Cairo Is a Small City uses an omniscient narrator. This essay uses these two short stories to compare the similarities on how trust is betrayed. The essay takes the position that the two victims, Gregory and Adil, deserve to die, because of the fault of gullible trust in their personal characters. Adil trusted in the shopkeeper's strategy of befriending the woman because he saw that it worked. Gorgy and the omniscient narrator want to blame the shopkeeper for showing Adil the flirtatious method of bartering for the woman's affections. The narration says; '...had it not been for that day, Adil's mind would not have given birth to the plan he was determined, whatever the cost, to put through, because of that woman who had bewitched his heart.' (Hirschberg & Hirschberg 24). Adil does not question the consequences if the trust goes wrong. He is gullible and the fault is his alone. Adil trusted in his own bravery. The evidence that supports this argument is in the narration; ''As every man, according to Adil's philosophy of life, had within him a devil, it was sometimes better to follow this devil in order to placate him and avoid his tyranny.' (Hirschberg & Hirschberg 24). When Salma's father asks Adil many questions, alarm bells started ringing in his head but Adil chooses to ign ore the feeling that something might be wrong. Instead, Adil sweeps the feeling of misgiving away. The narrator says; 'Though Adil noticed in the father's tone something more than curiosity, he attributed this to the nature of the bedouin and their traditions.' (Hirschberg & Hirschberg 27). Adil makes the mistake of taking the interrogation lightly. He places complete trust in Salma and her father who have invited him to their home. It is his mistake. Adil only realizes too late that his trust is misplaced; 'In the same way as Adil had previously built the seven storey building that represented the seven months, each month containing twenty-eight days, till he would see Salma's face whenever it was full moon, he likewise sensed that this was the tribunal which had been set up to make an enquiry with him into the killing of the man whom he had one day come across on the tracks between the oases of Kharga and Farshout.' (Hirschberg & Hirschberg 27). Adil was too trusting to walk into the lion's lair of the bedouins and he was served his punishment. In the story of Gregory, the narrator and

Outline for Treatment Approaches Essay Example for Free

Outline for Treatment Approaches Essay There are types of approaches to help an individual with recovering from drug and substance abuse. The approaches that are being looked at to help someone recover is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET), Medication Management, Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA), and Community Reinforcement and Family Training Approach (CRAFT). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral; therapy (CBT) was developed as an aide to prevent relapse when treating addiction. CBT is based on the principle that the learning process is important in dealing with male adaptive behaviors like substance abuse. It is a process of identifying problematic behaviors and corrects them with various skills to fight addiction. CBT is based on identifying an individual’s problems and helping the individual’s self-control by developing the ways to cope with the problems effectively. This is done by evaluating the consequences of the substance abuse positive and negative, self-monitoring and recognizing the cravings and their triggers, and developing strategies to cope with the cravings and the triggers. Avoiding the trigger situations also help. In CBT an individual may have a support group to depend on during the recovery process. Such a group is helpful while a person is struggling with solutions. The group also gives positive encouragement during stressful times. In CBT an individual addict is encouraged for positive thinking rather than dwelling in negative thought patterns. CBT can help addicts with low self-esteem to improve their self-esteem which helps in fighting addiction. In CBT an individual learns to resist peer pressure. During CBT an individual can continue his/her normal activities which avoids strained relationships and financial crises.  It is a gradual process both in learning, maintaining and being on their own. It is also very cost effective therapy(National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2014). Motivational Enhancement Therapy Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) is a counseling approach that helps individual’s confusing dilemma about the treatment of substance abuse and stopping substance abuse. MET is based on the principles of motivational interviewing. It draws self-motivational statements early on in early discussion and plan for change is built on that. This approach engages the addict in building the plan. Based on their own motivations as oppose to societal. People who cannot follow like 12 –steps may benefit from this therapy. Enlightenment can only occur if an individual wants to learn and MET is centered on this insight. Using peoples own statements about desired better outcomes initial resistance is countered after this is achieved an introduction of behavioral techniques can be introduced to support and individual’s ability to fend for him/herself. MET is often used with other cognitive behavioral approaches. MET could go a long way in offering insights for those effective by many mental illness. With this therapy one can heal from other associated problems like anxiety and depression for life style change (The Ranch, 2014). Medication Management Medication Management is when medical care is an option to help someone reduce the risk of drug abuse. It is usually a pharmacists or physicians that help with medication management by lowering the medications based on the side effects and how the person is with taking the medications. It is that the doctor will ask brief questions about the medications and the feel you need therapy or counseling that will then get set up (McNeece, 2012). Community Treatment Approach (CRA) The Community Reinforcement approach is an alcoholism treatment approach that aims to achieve the addict from looking at positive reinforcement for living a sober free lifestyle and to eliminate all enforcement or influences to drink or do drugs (Miller, 2014). This treatment approach embraces positive incentives to stop drinking or doing drugs verses punishing the addict for the continued abuse (Miller, 2014). Community Reinforcement Approach and Family Training Intervention (CRAFT) This approach is an intervention that is based scientifically on intervention strategies designed to help the family members or those concerned with the addict, (CSO), concerned significant others, to help in the facilitation of the addict entering treatment to gain sobriety (Meyers, 2014). This new intervention method was developed with the belief that since family members can, and do make important contribution in other areas of addiction treatment (Meyers, 2014). Conclusion Treatments for people with problems with drug and substance abuse can be helpful when it comes to recovery. The treatment approaches help with managing medications, giving the individual counseling, or even prevention from relapsing back to the addiction. All of these approaches help an individual become healthier and live a longer life. References McNeece, C. A., DiNitto, D. M. (2012). Chemical dependency: A systems approach (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson National Institute on Drug Abuse. (n.n.). Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/ The Ranch. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.recoveryranch.com/ Meyers, R. (2014). CRAFT. Retrieved from http://http://www.robertjmeyersphd.com/craft.html Miller, W. (2014). The Community-Reinforcement Approach. Retrieved from http://http://www.addictioninfo.org/articles/381/1/The-Community-Reinforcement-Approach/Page1.html

Impact of Technology Essay Example for Free

Impact of Technology Essay The unprecedented advancement in materialistic technology is setting consistently a wall of high mental affluence-which is inhibiting the parameters to show up in road to development.The rapid advancement in technology is directly proportional to the proliferating population of our very planet.People taking assistance of modern technology is significantly increasing at the moment.Now,we have already entered the era where electricity is indispensible.To live a normal life in modern days,the fuel-electricity and the machine-technology should be present simultaneously daily. Core reasons behind prioritizing modern education are too obvious to belabor-when it comes to development of a nation.Education is the ultimate wall of a nation building heavenward.The use of different technology in schools is now on the brink of becoming a fundamental necessity when starting a school anywhere.The vitality of technology in education is becoming more vivid in society contributing to the technology enterprises that are minting colossal deal of money through education.The new millennium has provided the medium where the technology and education have intersected and synthesized the now popular â€Å"modern education†. The technology giants of the world are enlarging their establishments here in India knowing the fact that India holds the supremacy in the field of future of technology.Moreover,according to a recent article in Forbes India,it has stated that one third of Indian population is under the tender age of 14.We might wonder now,how much pressure do the inquisitive young minds are exerting on education that is still limited to only a certain part of the population.The government is trying to reach as much of population possible but there are still millions of children who aren’t able to avail the facility of schools and proper education.The central government allocated about 42,036crores for both schools and higher education sectors in the year 2010 which grew to 52,057crores last year according to Wikipedia. Pro-education culture is grasping the minds of people everywhere in such a significant fashion due to development.But The World Bank in 2o11 stated that,32.7% of Indian populati on still falls below the global poverty line that is 1.25 dollars income per day.what about them? The enormous sum of money spent in education still is scanty due to the large population of mother India.As per the CBSE,India still has a shortfall of about 200,000 schools.So,we can analyze that,due to the scanty economic capital,the no. of schools dramatically lag the actual demand.Not only economy is affecting the status quo of education but also the number of human resources who are educating the young citizens. Now talking about the existing schools,all of them are doing a marvelous job in imparting knowledge in young minds but I think that there are still many limitations of the classroom education.Architectural infrastructure of classrooms isn’t a big deal but what really matters is the education provided in classrooms.The biggest drawback of the classroom education is that,the students involved in learning are only exposed to the knowledge and ideas of limited faculty wh ereas in world,there are millions of brilliant minds.Second drawback is that,so as to set up a basic school,materialistic facility and human resource are must-present fundamental requirements.This makes education unavailable in rural areas spread across the vast geographical diversity in nation such as India. Now,what is the best way to tackle the problems hovering the present,regarding education?I strongly feel that internet is the ultimate medium through which education should be made possible so as to reach far and beyond.Internet is a bottomless reservoir of information and this invention of mankind has made the physical barriers and distances so small.What is most extraordinary about the internetIt is constantly updated within short span of time.This leads to exposure of our mind to the latest information on topics of our own interest.As internet effortlessly seems to make our information obsolete every now and then,we also can access the information on web without difficulties. The telecommunication technology is rising everywhere.In India,according to Joshua Kim’s recent article featured in Forbes India,he has said that there are over 850million mobile subscribers in India and the number of subscribers is growing at the amazing rate of 10 million per month.From the particula r growth in mobile phone users,we can naturally scrutinize the future of internet accessibility.The increase in mobile phones naturally accelerates the growth of telecommunication technology.As the mobile phones will be easily available,there surely will be a time where the internet connection will be among the default features of the phones.As the access to internet will get better and easier in times to come,they would become an indispensible part of our future lives. Using internet,we can connect with the world without difficulties.The effects of telecommunication technology on education system are best to be said limitless.Till now,collaboration of different universities from different parts of the world hasn’t been a widespread approach for sharing knowledge.This was due to the fact of great physical distances and also due to being unaware about each other’s existence. Collaboration is the only way to complete each other’s deficiency and make education whol esome. Bringing Harvard,MIT and all other top universities to India is only through internet.If not internationally,collaboration can be done within our nation itself.If we try to amass all the knowledge of the contemporary human resources and make it digitally available,then surely,we can check the lack of human resources at a large extend.A live lecture on diseases in Delhi broadcasted in seven rural towns in Maharashtra†¦imagine the benefits! Now the prob

To Determine Social Media Usage Among Malaysia Student Media Essay

To Determine Social Media Usage Among Malaysia Student Media Essay Recent year have shown a worldwide growth pattern in social interaction in digital media more knows as social media. Today more than hundreds of millions internet user all over the world visited thousand of social media sites. Social media come out parallel with various technological affordances, supporting with a wide range of interests and practices. While, their key technological features are fairly consistent and the cultures that emerge around social media sites are varied. Most sites support the maintenance of pre-existing social networks, but others help strangers connect based on reasons, shared interests, political views, or activities. Universal McCann (2009) conducted an extensive study on social media usage among 232000 active internet users in 38 countries during spring 2009. This study showed that social consumption of digital content is either highly penetrated among active internet users or still growing rapidly. Besides that, through this study also find out that consumers continue to flock to digital destinations in order to create and share content, but they are now becoming more selective in terms of where they are doing it included the tools of social media are starting to coalesce on to a single platform type, namely the social network. According to Universal McCann (2009), 17 percent of active internet users globally now access the internet on the move, in others words internet and social media use are becoming more mobile. Social media platforms also are becoming more multi-media and the number of bloggers and social network users who have uploaded photos, videos, music and widgets has continued to rise since the last study conducted in 2007 until 2008. From this information, there is no doubt at all that social media increasingly important and become a culture for people all over the world in this era 21st century. Background of the study This study will carry out in Universiti Utara Malaysia because students are not exceptional as the active internet user and they have a higher access to the internet especially in variety types of social media. It is also because many students are teenager and still young. Usually, at this age the student have a higher desire to do something that their feel interesting and something new. Commonly, student will use many type of social media depending on their reasons. Sometimes, they visited social networking sites, collaboration websites, creativity work sharing sites and others type of social media to get any information, to make a discussion, to keep in touch with friend, for media sharing, self presentation and debate, social networks, referencing and recommendation services and many else. Problem statement Currently, social media become phenomena to all internet users not only in Malaysia but all over the world. According to the recent report, more than 30% teenager neglecting their school and also family because spend a long time to access social media. We can see that young became addicted to social media. Social media addiction will occur when people visited websites regularly without any motive, goal and became of their habit every day. Social media addicted is more likely to happens to a university student that have a greater access to the computer. So, this research will conduct a study in Universiti Utara Malaysia to identify the social media usage among Universiti Utara Malaysia student and also to determine the factors that motivate them to take part in social media. 1.3 Research question This research aims to answer the following question: What are the social media usages among Universiti Utara Malaysia student and what are the factors motivate them to take part in social media? 1.4 Research objective Research objective has listed below: To determine social media usage among University Utara Malaysia student. To determine whether social media usage among University Utara Malaysia student is motivate by performance. To determine whether social media usage among University Utara Malaysia student is motivate by passing time. To determine whether social media usage among University Utara Malaysia student is motivate by information seeking. To determine whether social media usage among University Utara Malaysia student is motivate by social connection. To determine whether social media usage among University Utara Malaysia student is motivate by entertainment. 1.5 Significance of the study A study on internet user regarding social media was done by previously researchers. However, the author choose to take the graduate as the scope of the study as this group is those who are educated and expose to technologies changes especially in emerging of variety type social media. They believe through social media they can gain many advantages and beneficial information. Hence, this group should be addressed to enhance a better understanding about social media and the factors motivate to take part in social media. The author chooses Universiti Utara Malaysia to conduct this study because Universiti Utara Malaysia is one of the early higher educations in Malaysia. Besides that, this study location at northern peninsular of Malaysia because until now, there did not have any study conduct regarding social media in Malaysia. This study is considered important because to identified the social media usage and to determined the factors that motivate Universiti Utara Malaysia student to take part in social media. This study also was conducted to view growing rapidly all over the world. The previously research about social media should be given a new lease. 1.6 Scope and limitation of the study The studies on the social media usages and motivation factors to take part in social media only focused only to the graduates. Graduated are here devoted to College of Business student that consist of undergraduate student and also postgraduates student. The researcher will make Universiti Utara Malaysia student from College of Business as their population and sample will be randomly selected from the population. The limitation of this study is limited to the Universiti Utara Malaysia student only because of timing problem and also budget problem. Organization of the research project CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction In this chapter earlier studies connected to the problem area and more specifically to the research questions, will be discussed. First, previous studies related to the definition of social media from previous research, will be presented. Then, literature regarding the research question from first question until the last question about social media usage and motivation factor to take part in social media among Universiti Utara Malaysia student will be brought up in this chapter. 2.1 Social media From the previous research, we can see there have several definitions of social media given by the previous researcher. The definition that already given by the previous researchers is so variety and there is no clear definition about social media. According to Universal McCann (2009), social media is a platform for social connection and also an application to user generated content. It is a new kind of online media that can be characterized by user participation, openness, conversation, community and connectedness (Mayfield, 2006). Blog, micro blog, RSS, widget, social networking sites, chat room, message board, video and photo sharing is included in central of social media (Universal McCann, 2009). According to Universal McCann (2009), social media design is about designing platforms and applications for social interaction and user generated content. Social media is a new kind of online media characterized by user participation, openness, conversation, community, and connectedness (Mayfield, 2006). Central social media platforms include blogging, micro blogging, RSS, widgets, social networking, chat rooms, message boards, podcasts, video sharing, and photo sharing (Universal McCann, 2009) Social media is an application and system that can support content sharing, and create environment for sociable online that included solution for media sharing, presentation and debate, social network, referencing and recommendation and also sources for create knowledge. It also may include technology platform interactive television and also mobile phone (Karahasanovic Folstad, 2008). According to KarahasanoviĆ¡ Fà ¸lstad (2008), social media are systems and applications supporting content sharing and co-creation in sociable online environments. This includes solutions for media sharing (e.g. YouTube, Flickr), self presentation and debate (e.g. MySpace, blogs), social networks (e.g. Facebook, LinkedIn), referencing and recommendation services (e.g. Digg, Del.icio.us) and co-created knowledge resources (e.g. Wikipedia). Social media may also include technology platforms such as interactive television and mobile phones (KarahasanoviĆ¡ Fà ¸lstad, 2008). According to Kaplan et al (2010), social media is a group of internet based application that can build ideology and technology foundation of Web 2.0 that can allow creations of user generated contents and also exchanges the user generated contents. Web 2.0 can be consider as platform for the evolution of social media because it represent the ideology and technology foundation that have being seeing as the sum of all way in which people make use the social media (Kaplan et al, 2010). Social Media is a group of Internet based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of User Generated Content. They consider Web 2.0 as the platform for the evolution of Social Media because when Web 2.0 represents the ideological and technological foundation, User Generated Content (UGC) can be seen as the sum of all ways in which people make use of Social Media (Kaplan et al, 2010). There have three requirements in User Generate Content that included need to be published, certain amount of creative effort need to be show and lastly need to create outside from the practices and routine (Kaplan et al, 2010). According to Kaplan et al, (2010) User Generated Content needs to fulfil three basic requirements in order to be considered as such first, it needs to be published either on a publicly accessible website or on a social networking site accessible to a selected group of people and second, it needs to show a certain amount of creative effort and finally, it needs to have been created outside of professional routines and practices. The combination of technological drivers likes increased broadband availability and hardware capacity, economic drivers likes increased availability of tools for the creation of User Generated Content and social drivers likes rise of a generation of digital natives and screenagers: younger age groups with substantial technical knowledge and willingness to engage online will make User Generated Content nowadays fundamentally different from what was observed in the early 1980s. (Kaplan et al, 2010). According to Danah Allison (2007), social media is a web based service that allow user to construct a profile either public or semi public profile that will be bound by the system, all will be listed in the system included list of other user that they are connected with and lastly view and traverse their list that they are connected with and other within the systems. The connection is different between sites to sites. Social network sites as web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and lastly view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system. The nature and nomenclature of these connections may vary from site to site (Danah and Ellison, 2007). 2.2 Factors motivate to take part in social media They are many factors that can motivate user to take part in social media. It is included because of performance, passing time, information seeking, social connection and entertainment that will be elaborate below: 2.2.1 Self expression From literature we can find several different reasons why customers visit social media sites. Shao (2008), believe that the user contributed to social media because their need to self expression. This statement also supported by Sirgys (1982) claim that user looking for the experience that will enhance their self concept. Shao (2008) suggests that users contribute because they have a need for self-expression and self-actualization, which is supported by Sirgys (1982) claim that individuals look for experiences that enhance their self-concept. According to Shao (2008), self expression refer to user communicated their own identities and also their individualities. It is assume that user wan to communicate themselves to other person, so other person will know about themselves as they know themselves (Shao, 2008). Self-expression refers to users communicating their own identity and individuality (Shao, 2008). It is assumed that people want to communicate themselves to other people, so that others can know them as they know themselves (Goffman, 1959; McKenna and Bargh 1999; Swann, 1983; Shao, 2008). 2.2.2 Performance there are various types of Social Media that need to be distinguished further. However, although most people would probably agree that Wikipedia, YouTube, Facebook, and Second Life are all part of this large group, there is no systematic way in which different Social Media applications can be categorized. To create such a classification scheme, and to do so in a systematic manner, we rely on a set of theories in the field of media research (social presence, media richness) and social processes (self-presentation, self-disclosure), the two key elements of Social Media. Applied to the context of Social Media, we assume that a first classification can be made based on the richness of the medium and the degree of social presence it allows. Applied to the context of Social Media, we assume that a second classification can be made based on the degree of self-disclosure it requires and the type of self-presentation it allows. Social media encompasses a wide range of online, word-of-mouth forums including blogs, company sponsored discussion boards and chat rooms, consumer-to-consumer e-mail, consumer product or service ratings websites and forums, Internet discussion boards and forums, moblogs (sites containing digital audio, images, movies, or photographs), and social networking websites, to name a few. As illustrated by Table 1, social media outlets are numerous and varied. 2.2.3 Passing time 2.2.4 Information seeking According to Shao (2008) argue that the primary use of social media among user is to find information and also to build the knowledge. Users can get technical value from social media through find the specific information that can broadening and increase their knowledge (Shao, 2008). Shao (2008) suggest that the primary use is looking for information and building knowledge. In social media technical value can be seen as the value that the customer gets from finding specific information or just broadening his knowledge (Shao, 2008). Desire to increase knowledge among user are motivated user to seeking for the information. User not only wants to get information about others and the world but they also want to provide information about themselves to others and the world. Shao (2008) argues that information seeking is motivated by users desire to increase knowledge. Users want information about themselves, others and the world (Shao, 2008). Studies show that people are increasingly looking for information on the web, which has lead to sites like wikipedia.org growing rapidly (Shao, 2008). According to Kaplan (2010), the trend of social media can be seen as evolution to the Internet root since World Wide Web already transform to became a platform that can exchanges information between user. The current trend toward Social Media can therefore be seen as an evolution back to the Internets roots, since it retransforms the World Wide Web to what it was initially created for a platform to facilitate information exchange between users (Kaplan, 2010). Shao (2008), argue that users can find and get information about product and services but in some cases, user are more trusted the information that they are getting from others user compare to the information that they are getting from the marketers. Searching for information can also be related to reading about products or services. In most cases, users trust information that they get from other users more than they trust information that is provided by marketers (Shao, 2008). According Kim et al, (2010) both members and non-members have two types of facilities to find the information they need on social Web sites. The facilities are keyword-based search engines and browsing. The search engines can be used to look for the names of people, names of groups, and particular UCCs. Browsing can be done on selected groups and UCCs in a particular category. Most sites allow keyword-based search of text-based contents. Some search engines are fairly powerful, while others are crude. The users can also browse the results of keyword-based searches, and groups and UCCs that are suggested as related to the group and UCCs the users currently view. All social Web sites provide categories for the UCCs stored, so that users may browse UCCs in a specific category. 2.2.5 Social connection Social media can also increase users social interactions, and decreases loneliness or help users manage their moods (Shao, 2008). These motivations can also be linked to the community aspect of social media, as Tedjamulia et al (2005) suggests that one of the reasons why users choose to contribute is because they feel motivated to do so because of being part of a community. Social Web sites provide various facilities for members to use to communicate with their online connections, that is, friends and other members. These include email, instant messaging, text messaging, and public and private bulletin boards, and even Internet phone services. Such sites as MySpace and Facebook allow their members to use the messaging and phone call facilities of Internet phone services, such as Skype (Kim et al, 2010). Further, according to Kim et al, (2010) on behalf of the members, the sites send member updates and notices using emails or text messages to members friends. They also send updates and notices to members of groups. The sites also display friends updates to members public and private boards. For example, Twitter allows members to send mes- sages to friends on what the members are doing. A message, which is restricted to 140 characters, may be sent to friends mobile devices and their Twitter accounts. A member may have one or more followers, and many members may be following a member. Facebook provides a mini bulletin board (called a wall) to post a members message for all friends to see and respond to. LinkedIn provides an answers function to allow members to answer questions posted by other members, and to refer the questions to their online connections.

Physics of Aristotle Essay examples -- physics aristotle

The great Greek thinker Aristotle was born in 384 B.C. in Stagirus, a city in ancient Macedonia in northern Greece. At the age of eighteen Aristotle went to Athens to begin his studies at Plato's Academy. He stayed and studied at the Academy for nineteen years and in that time became both a teacher and an independent researcher. After Plato's death in 347 B.C. Aristotle spent twelve years traveling and living in various places around the Aegean Sea. It was during this time that Aristotle was asked by Philip of Macedon to be a private tutor to his son, Alexander. Aristotle privately taught Alexander for three years before he returned to Athens after Philip gained control of the Greek capital. During this period back in Athens Aristotle founded his own school, the Lyceum, where he taught for twelve years. In 323 B.C. Alexander the Great died and the Macedonians lost control of Athens. Aristotle was forced to leave and he died one year later in Chalcis, north of Athens, at the age of 6 2. Aristotle is regarded by many as one of the most important thinkers of the ancient era. Although many of his theories regarding the physics of the natural world were later disproved by Galileo, Aristotle nevertheless offered the world at that time a relevant and consistent explanation of physics of impressive breadth and explanatory ability. Many of his theories endured for up to 1200 years, and helped to form the basis of the midieval christian perspective of the natural world. Much of his physics, when combined with Ptolemy's mathematical model of planetary motions, was used by midieval thinkers to describe the behavior of the cosmos. Aristotle's book The Physics, was in existence by about 350 B.C. This book is mainly concerned with change a... ... 1609, when Galileo destroyed Aristotle's mechanical model of the universe, was his authority on scientific theory truly undermined. So strong was Aristotle's grip on the science of the time, that Galileo was subsequently tried by the church as a heretic for disagreeing with his theories. It is a generally accepted fact that Aristotle's physics and astronomy were the weakest of his areas of study. He made discoveries and developed theories in biology, ethics, and drama that still hold a great deal of importance in those fields today. However, many of his theories and hypotheses were not disproved unitl the nineteenth century and his original concept of a uniform and consistant flow of time was accepted by Newton and still has its place in physics today. We really cannot discount the scientific contributions of a man whose ideas have survived for over 2000 years.

Romance de la Luna, Luna Essay -- Literary Analysis, Federico Garcia L

Federico Garcia Lorca’s â€Å"Romance de La Luna, Luna† is a Spanish poem that tells the story of a young gypsy boy and the moon. His love and infatuation with the moon leads to his death. This poem not only tells the story of this young child’s demise, but also shows the effects when someone is lured in by an appealing temptation. The poem uses many literary devices to enhance the meaning the words provide. The poem starts at the beginning of the story as the moon comes to visit the forge. The moon is said to be wearing â€Å"her skirt of white, fragrant flowers† (Lorca 2) as its bright light penetrates the scene. The poem states â€Å"the young boy watches her, watches. / The young boy is watching her† (3-4). The repetition of the phrase emphasizes the young boy’s infatuation with the moon. The scene is set with intensity by the phrase â€Å"electrified air† (5) and a tense feeling is brought into the poem. As â€Å"the moon moves her arms† (6), she is given traits of being alive and having her own human qualities. Personification of the moon into a woman exemplifies the desire that the child would have for the woman, and creates a more appealing form for the moon to appear as. The child cries, â€Å"flee, moon, moon, moon† (9) with urgency, showing his concern for her. He warns her â€Å"they would make with your heart / white necklaces and rings† (11-12). This refers back to the metaphor that the moon is made of hard tin, but still personifies her by giving her a heart. The moon is additionally personified when she says â€Å" young boy, leave me to dance†(13). She has now taken the form of a sensual and erotic gypsy dancer furthering the desire of the young boy. This brings Spanish culture to the poem because gypsies are known to travel throughout Spain. The mo... ... The story of this poem tells about a young boy that is lured in by the sensuousness of the moon, and then dies because of his own desire for her. The symbolic meaning is much more hidden and disguised by the literary elements of the poem. The storyline and aspects of the literal story add meaning when searching for the figurative meaning. The warning learned from this poem is that infatuation with anything can lead to a downfall. The moon seemed to offer a comfort that attracted him, but it was only a disguise to lead him to death. The passion the young boy felt for the moon can easily be modified to describe the passion a person can feel for anything. The young boy saw safeness in the moon that brought him closer to her. Any obsession will seem to offer the same comforts that the young boy also saw, but this poem warns that death can always disguise itself.

Of Mice and Men :: English Literature

With its appealing elements of naivet, humour and pathos Of Mice And Men is Steinbeck's tableau of the oppressed in post-depression US society. It has strong imagery, decisive action, authentic dialogue and cinematic tension. Would you say this novel is a classic and successful? Why? I will first explore whether I think "Of Mice and Men" is worthy of the reputation linked with a term, in my opinion, too widely used in the world of literature. The word I am referring to of course is "classic". The definition of a "classic" is a great and timeless book or work of art. Therefore I am going to temporarily re-phrase the title question for ease of comprehension and explanation to: "Would you say this novel is great, timeless and successful? Why?" This will enable me to deal with the true meaning of the term "classic" at the same time as formulating an opinion of whether Steinbeck's "Of Mice and Men" deserves this prestigious title. Firstly, is this novel great? Well, it certainly isn't great in magnitude, i.e. the size of the book is not that which we would associate with such a rated book. It only has six chapters and the story takes place in quite a short space of time. However, the definition of greatness in this instance does not mean "huge" or "vast" it means "wonderful" and "important". In my opinion the novel is great in this way. It displays affection, emotion, friendship and love, as well as loneliness, discrimination, prejudice and anger. These are all basic human qualities and liabilities, which makes the novel both wonderful and important in a way that few people will ever really understand. Even though I don't know what Steinbeck's inspiration and reason for writing this novel was I personally respect the way in which he sums up such important parts of life in six short chapters. These are the only reasons I found to justify why "Of Mice and Men" should be classed as "great", however there are countless reasons for this novel to be classed as "timeless". The moral issues and difficulties of the people in this book are still relevant in the world today and I feel that people all over the world will be able to empathise on a metaphorical level with George and Lennie's struggles in realising their dream. The first question to address when looking at "Of Mice and Men" as a timeless novel is: 'What are the predominant moral issues hidden in this novel, how are they relevant today and will they still be relevant in the future?' This is a difficult question to face with a novel such as this, as the author does not exaggerate exactly what the

Digging-Seamus Heaney

The message in this poem is Heaney is feeling slightly Guilty for not following the footsteps of his father in becoming a farmer instead he became a writer. The guilt is brought arcross as Heaney is breaking a agricultural tradition in his family. The techniques Heaney uses in this poem are onamatopoeia â€Å"Squelch† for example. Also in the second last verse Heaney uses a listing device. Also he uses lieration â€Å"curt cuts† whichgive added ethisis. Heaney also uses roots to describe his family roots. Heaney is effectively â€Å"digging† his memories at the instant he begins to write, he looks out his window and starts reminiscing about his past, he then becomes enthralled in guilt because he did not follow his grandfather, and fathers path, which leaves him feeling guilty and below them, he feels his forefathers were great men and he is not, however he still speaks of his pride in his own choice in a â€Å"pen is mightier than the sword† kind of way This poem compares his life to that of his father. He looks at the skill of his father and sees that he can never do what his father is so skilled at â€Å"digging†. He describes in fine detail the art and mechanics of digging potatoes and the ease at which his father can do it. He compares the skill of his father digging potatoes to that of his grandfather digging in the bog, a completely different skill. Again he described in fine detail the art of digging turf and the sights and sounds that are part of it. The wonderful line that shifts time lines from the present , where he looks at his father perhaps clearing up a gravel path â€Å"comes up twenty years away† to him digging potatoes. In the second last verse a line from each generation is compared and tells him that his that his only skill is to â€Å"dig with his pen† He knows that he can never be as good with a spade and feels that he is more comfortable with a pen. (snug as a gun) Repeating the lines in the last verse confirms this comfort and confirms his only way to match their skill is to â€Å"dig with his pen† I like to think this poem has that simple message. I hope you agree ! Someone asks about â€Å" Toners bog† This is the name of a local bog, (a family name called Toner ) Seamus Heaney tries to explain a change in time with this poem. He uses a good choice of language within this poem to effectively illustrate his views on an old tradition in many English towns. The mining off coal, gold and earth which is used to burn fires, these are all things that were apart of most common families that did this day in day out as a living. a change in time and of course educational circumstances and the fact that the mines and these methods of work have become irrelevant in modern times have made the person in the poem change, thus allowing him to have a different future through the pen, a good life not a hard one like his father and grandfather before him who used the spade. He says within the poem that he has ‘no spade to follow men like them' this is because that way of life has now become history and change has come by. For me, Heaney uses ‘the squat pen' as his intricate tool of choice, the use of which for him, transcends that of a spade. the free verse style of the poem is used to enable this professed deviation from this traditional ancestral manual labour. Throughout the poem, Heaney displays nothing but respect for his ancestor's particuarly his grandfather, of whom his memories are particuarly fond. One can find examples of Heaney's admiration and aspiration to the man when he depicts his inferior actions ‘corked sloppily with paper' compared with his grandfather's ‘nicking and slicing neatly. ‘ The use of assonance here also serves the emphasise the importance of his grandfather's skillset. Heaney however in the penultimate stanza, realizes that he can never spark a passion for the ‘cold smell of potato mould' and ‘soggy peat' and the diction reflects this mood shift to disillusionment. Overall, Heaney realises that in choosing ‘the squat pen' over ‘the spade' he is in fact ‘digging' up memories of his ancestors, complementing and helping their work to be realised in this sense. So all in all, he draws the conclusion that whilst we must not forget our roots,we must pursue our passions and dreams in life. For Heaney, it is writing in which he finds solace, which enables him to transfer memories onto paper, giving old thoughts the power to transcend time.

Global Organization Management in the Year 2000

Technological advances at the end of the twentieth century defecate anyowed companies to globularize, facilitating the sale of their unspoileds and grow in unlike martplaces. Communications, empowerment, and learning for abide be the three greatest decision reservation factors in the success of these clean transnational starchys. To be much(prenominal) than successful in crinkle in the spherical purlieu, it leave behind be necessary to expand to the universe-wide market. An emergence in occupation, sales and lolly be approximately of the compelling reasons why most companies bequeath seek to go beyond the limited sphere of strictly selling to US consumers.But as companies in the year 2000 and beyond exit surely find out, it isnt continuously easy to manage an brass when the realise force and forethought ag sort outs atomic number 18 thousands of miles and an nautical a direction. Consequently, there be a hardly a(prenominal) strategies that qua rter ensure the success of a business located in the world-wide market. First of comp allowely, the 1990s have already taught us that plurality ar proud to naturalise for companies that treat them salubrious. They become linked to companies in more than an employer/employee affinity they come to whole step as if they are truly a dower of an organic law non depend qualified one of the employees.In the year 2000 and beyond, it shall be the presence of this get holding more than some(prenominal) other that sounds excellent companies apart from the ordinary, and consequently less successful. Companies which are expanding to the ball-shaped market get out need to authorise all the official contri buting employees ascertain more than just createers. adept thing that employees in the future get out more than forever and a day ask themselves continually is how personally practiced or detrimental their ready environs is to there wn come up- be.By establishing a investigate study to investigate the psychological clime of the overseas employment, several(prenominal) fundamental factors potbelly be established which bequeath servicing in the effective focussing of the international solid. More than ever before, employees in the spheric testament repoint a certain appreciation for fairness inwardly their workplace, as swell up as some standard of resprocketnition for a job well done. This is especially weighty when the parent political party is located in another country.The prevailing attitude may be that the new-sprung(prenominal) organic law isnt as important to companionship success, simply because the head of the governance isnt a daily, or regular(a) monthly, presence at the workplace. By recognizing the carry outments of contrary employees, employers give ensure that their spheric family sprightlinessings appreciated and part of the group, which in turn allow for create an atmosphere where the employ ees take insolence in their work, and feel as if they are an integral part of the undefiled production process. in that location may likewise be puzzles with job stress, or harmony indoors the work aggroup (possibly a deficiency of warmth and friendliness which does not allow for a pleasant working environment). on the whole these potential problems are part of the psychological climate within a workplace already, and will need to be address as part of an effective counsel program of a global institution in the future. E very(prenominal) day, employees will wee a perception of how their organization value them in their contributions. It is important that these global employees feel that the organization cares to the highest degree their well cosmos and is impulsive to fairly reward their allegiance or effort.How the global employees will perceive this concomitant from the parent organization is important to them as they try to understand their role in the production process. Maslow (1954) argued a hierarchy outline of human take. The hierarchical ask are fixed from the bottom to the net. The bottom is bullnecked-arm inevitably neighboring is safety and shelter needs third is social needs forth is self- compliments and fifth is self- actualization. Maslows guess pop the questions that an individualistics motivational needs aspire to the next direct once the lower level needs have been getd.The global rigid moldinessiness(prenominal) address the needs of the conflicting and expatriate worker, to keep their lading to the organization. The individual wishs money not just to stop on but also acquires some item of personal pleasure from earning it. bills will be used for housing, foods, and health care, for himself and his family. Receiving an increase in salary will contribute to the individuals status and self-worth, both of which are identified needs that require merriment. The overlap bowls in the motivation model sug gest that the Maslows needs are comfortable simultaneously.There are three co-occur theatres in the model, an cooccur of individual needs and away influences, an overlapping of individual needs and business, and an overlapping of individual needs, external influences, and business. The depression area includes the physical needs, the safety and security. The second area includes the social needs. The last area includes self-actualization and self- esteem because the two needs are satisfied when the three factors are met. Furthermore, a size of it of each overlapping area crapper explain precautions start to satisfy the degree of employees needs.The global firm must attempt to satisfy the needs of all the workers, not besides in monetary terms, but also in fulfillment of self worth. All the workers should not just feel as if they are a cog in the machine, but part of the whole process. The expectancy surmise pre moveed by Vroom (1964), is a frame work for our ideal global firm to snuff it within. We assume mathematical process, reward, and satisfaction are interconnected. The theory suggests that an increase in effort leads to change magnitude per configurationance and then proper rewards with satisfaction help keep the relationships.The factor not taken into account is the relationship surrounded by a person and external influences. The relationship amongst performance and rewards relates to the interaction between individual needs and business. Our global firm will provide a domineering rewards process which date the individual needs as performance occurs. The size of the overlapping area of individual needs and business hobo illustrate the degree of unified individual needs and the priseive rewards. Our ultimate long term refinement is to increase long term commitment to the firm.If workers meet goals, and targets they will be rewards. The global firm does not want to lose good workers. It is hard enough to maintain a domestic workfor ce, finding and maintaining a global workforce is an immensely large task. Employee perceptions of the global organization organizations get will strongly influence their commitment to the organization. When they see the organization as being gageive of employee efforts, this also affects and influences their attitudes and behaviors.How employees perceive support from the organization is directly influenced by positive feedback from the organization. As in daily life, valuate and approval for a job well done is the best way to allow people know they are appreciated. This is very important in global concern to increase employee morale. This positive feedback lets the employee know that the organization fill ins and values the contribution of their global employees a key message in all forms of support.The 21st century organization will find it helpful to take monthly surveys of the global employees in which to get their assessment of the employee-organization relationship, and if they feel there is positive feedback or communication occurring within the organization. When an employee feels that the concerns actions and policies communicate employees are easily replaced, he or she may feel well-being within the workplace, and be less liable(predicate) to identify with the organization.It is important for global employees to feel as if they play just as much of an important role within the organization as does the core group of employees in the home base organization. If an employee perceives top management communicates consistently and in several different ways that employees are valued, he or she may feel change magnitude well-being and report a stronger credit with the organization, which would result in better performance and a auberge loyalty. ). Concern and caring for employees place be communicated through statements sent to the international workplace from organization.Loyalty to the association can be reinforced by publicly recogniz ing employee achievements in company newsletters. Organizations can also communicate their support of their foreign production group by providing tactual benefits, such as child-care facilities or tractile work arrangements. This allows employees reducing uncertainty about their jobs through job training or information about what would happen if the company had to layoff a certain number of employees. abroad production squads will assume state in the event of profit or losses. The global squad would be the first to be cut.Knowing ahead of metre that there is an established plan for intervention such a possibility will go a long way in increasing employee feelings of well-being and loyalty to the company. Ambiguous policies, on the other hand, lone(prenominal) serve to promote uncertainty among global employees. It is also important to understand how organisational events are interpreted by employees, which can lead to change magnitude taste of the organization and improv e the employee/employer relationship. Organizations of the future allowing global aggroup ups to be part of the decision-making policies and practices will generally have more supportive organizational climates.This shall show the foreign production team to feel they are part of the entire organization and not that the parent organization is decision making for them on work practices and policies, which dont directly affect the organization as much as they would affect the foreign team. Allowing the global team into the decision-making process will signify managements respect for them as an important part of the entire organization. Positive evaluations of employee value and their decision-making abilities are also important.Participation in decision making is related to increased motivation and increases in employee attitude toward commitment to the organization. One of todays biggest buzzwords is Teams. to the highest degree companies are leaning toward a team concept. One way to enforce teams is by empowering employees. Many companies striving to edge their disceptation are turning to the appoint employee teams initiative. The residual between a group and a team must be understood. A group is two or more people who interact to achieve their goals. In contrast a team is a group in which members work unneurotic intensively to achieve a honey oil goal.Therefore the fact that there is no camaraderie in the groups is not only because of the lack of proper interaction and understanding but also because of the fact that workers are not trained enough to go steady the importance of working in groups. The dissimilitude between groups and teams Groups work individually to achieve a reciprocal goal, or target. Teams work and communicate together to achieve common goals. The global organization must achieve form teams, and not groups. The global empowered teams will be part of a much larger global bit of teams that will form the companies network.In the gl obal organization empowered teams will subscribe the difference between the company being a multinational that meets the regional demands, or an international corporation. Regional needs will be satisfied because the teams distributed throughout the world will be responsive to the needs of the guest. The ultimate goal of the corporation is to market itself globally, but act locally. (Stein, 1999) Most businesses want to achieve total customer satisfaction by anticipating and solving a problem before it occurs. Thus a new kind of team has emerged with the goal of insuring customer satisfaction from the start.In the global environment empowered teams will be able to react regionally to the needs and wants of the consumer. appoint teams are built with empowered people whom have the authority and autonomy to make significant changes within the organization. The global teams will consist of several members from different functions. alternatively of one individual making decisions, th e group or team makes decisions collectively with the warmheartedness manager position eliminated or performing as the coach. The use of these empowered regional teams is to solve problems, lower costs, increase quality, and lastly improve customer satisfaction.The global team will understand the national culture of each individual country it mold in. They will identify that particular learn of economic, political, and social values that exist in that nation. Throwing people together does not always mean they should be called a team. They must first be made up of the right people who understand and can define a task. The strength of the team depends on proper training, timing, and communication. Before a regional empowered team is created, the goal of the company and mission of the team must be defined.The top management must identify how much of empowerment is needed, and put down the best people to work on the problem. For a team to work successfully it should ideally be compr ised from a change workforce. The diversification will facilitate more ideas and openness with the team. An clause in the Wall Street ledger mentioned Honda, Motorola, and General Electric as examples of companies who form diversified empowered teams. Honda motor company for example, attempts to compose it each of teams from a stripped of three different countries.This allows Honda to incorporate regional needs, and use other non regional concepts. Recruiting the right people, and insuring they represent the cross-section of disciplines and regional diversity is very important. One person missing out of this conventionalism can ruin a team. at bottom every team, a cross-functioning method must be used for the team to be successful. If one of the team members is hard to get along with, they still can be beneficial to the team. Everyones input is important, the output of the team is greater than any individuals output. A strong facilitator is also needed on the team.The facilitat or guides kind of than leads. Usually middle management, this person is set equal to the other members of the team. The facilitator must key and understand each members participation, as well as, coordinate the reporting progress. In order for team to be successful, senior management must be committed to recognize the team should be put in charge. This is done only when senior management defines a specific goal for the team to strive for. Too much management can kill a team. The team might spend more succession on reporting the progress than the task that needs to be completed.Middle management is the biggest obstacle for teams. To be successful, middle management must surrender its power and let the team empower themselves. Setting clock time limits are also important to the team success. Never let a team go beyond six months, everyday should be treated as an important day. Training is also important for team to succeed. Everyone in the organization, including all suppliers mus t work together to improve customer satisfaction. outdoors vendors should be reminded that increased sales by the corporation will lead to increased revenue for them.